Economic thinking has undergone a remarkable transformation over the centuries, moving from classical notions of efficiency to modern concepts of equity, sustainability, and shared value. This evolution is visible across macroeconomic and microeconomic paradigms, reflecting a growing commitment to socially responsible and just frameworks.
Macroeconomic Perspectives: A Shift Toward Responsible Growth
In 1776, Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations introduced the foundational idea of efficient resource allocation and specialization. Smith emphasized the role of markets in harnessing individual self-interest for collective prosperity. This classical view of economic growth focused on optimizing the use of scarce resources to maximize output.
The late 20th century brought a transformative shift in macroeconomic thinking with Paul Romer’s theory of endogenous technological change. Romer’s work highlighted the role of ideas, knowledge, and innovation as infinite resources capable of driving exponential growth. He argued that shared knowledge, rather than mere resource extraction, could fuel sustainable economic expansion.
Thomas Piketty’s Capital in the 21st Century (2013) added a critical lens to the discussion by demonstrating how unchecked capitalism concentrates wealth and exacerbates inequality. Piketty’s call for political action and fair taxation resonated globally, emphasizing the need for growth models that prioritize equity. Building on this foundation, Daniel Susskind’s Growth, A Reckoning (2024) argues for ethical frameworks that address climate change, inequality, and the societal challenges posed by technological innovation. Together, these thinkers signal a transition from growth as an end in itself to growth as a means to achieve broader social and environmental objectives.
Microeconomic Perspectives: From Shareholder Primacy to Stakeholder Value
Parallel to the evolution in macroeconomics, microeconomic theories have also evolved significantly. Milton Friedman’s 1970 assertion that the sole responsibility of business is to maximize shareholder profits became the cornerstone of 20th-century corporate governance. This doctrine, supported by Jensen and Meckling’s Principal-Agent Theory (1976), justified prioritizing shareholders above all other stakeholders.
However, the limitations of this approach became evident over time. The aggressive pursuit of short-term profits, as epitomized by General Electric’s downfall and Boeing’s 737 MAX crisis, revealed the unsustainable and often unethical practices rooted in shareholder primacy. These failures highlighted the environmental and social costs of ignoring externalities such as pollution, inequality, and community well-being.
In response, the Business Roundtable’s 2019 declaration signaled a pivotal shift in corporate purpose. Companies were urged to deliver value to customers, employees, suppliers, communities, and shareholders alike. This reorientation laid the groundwork for Social Profit Orientation (SPO), a framework introduced by Berry et al. (2024), which integrates financial goals with societal impact. By balancing economic performance with environmental sustainability and social responsibility, firms like Patagonia, Storebrand, and World Kitchen exemplify how businesses can create shared value.
Innovation as a Catalyst for Sustainable Growth
The transition from shareholder-centric to stakeholder-oriented models is underpinned by innovation. Sustainable innovation, in particular, serves as a critical driver of stakeholder value. Companies like Tise and Tibber demonstrate how leveraging digital platforms and circular business models can align profitability with sustainability. For example, Tise’s platform facilitates the resale of used clothing, reducing waste while creating economic opportunities. Tibber’s energy optimization solutions enable households to manage energy consumption more efficiently, aligning environmental goals with customer needs.
Norwegian firms such as Gjensidige also illustrate this paradigm shift. By focusing on reducing risk through sustainability initiatives rather than merely pricing risk correctly, Gjensidige has redefined its value proposition. These examples underscore how businesses can innovate not only in products and services but also in their fundamental approaches to value creation.
Challenges and Pathways to Progress
Despite these advances, significant challenges remain. The inertia of short-term profit-driven models poses a formidable barrier to change. Firms often struggle to allocate resources to sustainability initiatives, especially amidst economic pressures. Moreover, embedding stakeholder-oriented practices into corporate culture requires a fundamental rethinking of leadership incentives and organizational priorities.
To overcome these challenges, businesses must adopt strategies that integrate sustainability into their core operations. Cross-sector collaboration with governments, NGOs, and communities can amplify systemic impact. Metrics such as the Norwegian Innovation Index (NII) provide valuable insights into aligning innovation with customer expectations and societal needs. By embracing green technologies and circular economies, firms can chart a course toward long-term value creation.
Toward a Just and Inclusive Future
The evolution of economic thought, from Adam Smith to Daniel Susskind, reflects a growing recognition of the interconnectedness of economic, social, and environmental objectives. The transition from shareholder primacy to stakeholder value, supported by frameworks like SPO, marks a critical inflection point in the history of business and economic policy. As firms embrace sustainable innovation and prioritize societal impact, they pave the way for a more just and inclusive future.
This narrative is both a call to action and a blueprint for transformation. By integrating principles of equity, sustainability, and innovation, businesses can not only thrive in a changing world but also contribute meaningfully to the betterment of society. For students and future leaders, the challenge lies in translating these ideas into actionable strategies that balance economic goals with the broader imperative of social responsibility.